Bayut’s Dubai Sales Market Report for Q3 2023
- Top Neighbourhoods in Dubai
- Affordable Apartments
- Luxury Apartments
- Affordable Villas
- Luxury Villas
- Top Off-Plan Projects
As we conclude the third quarter of 2023, it’s time to analyse how property prices in Dubai for apartments and villas performed in the most sought-after districts of the emirate. Following 18 months of unprecedented boom, Dubai’s real estate market continues to grow at a steady rate. Bayut’s Dubai Sales Market Report Q3 2023 offers insights into the significant property price trends in Dubai during the past three months.
In this Bayut sales property market report we compare and analyse the property sales prices in Dubai from Q3 2023 to those recorded in Q2 2023.
An examination of the data confirms an upward trajectory in property prices for both villas and apartments in Dubai, spanning across the luxury and affordable segments, in Q3 2023. Prominent consumer search patterns observed on Bayut reveal:
- In the affordable segment, Dubai property prices have increased by up to 12% in Q3 2023.
- The average sales price-per-square foot for luxury properties in Dubai recorded upticks of up to 8%.
- In September alone, the emirate recorded more than 2,300 transactions in a week, with a combined value of AED 12.7 billion.
- The total number of residential properties worth AED 36.7M (USD 10M) or above crossed 277 this quarter – the highest it has ever been in a year.
We have segregated popular areas for buying apartments and villas into ‘Affordable’ and ‘Luxury’ to offer a more tailored view of the Dubai real estate market in Q3 2023.
TOP AREAS IN DUBAI ACCORDING TO TRENDS ON BAYUT
The year 2023 has been the year of record-breaking sales and Q3 has shone the brightest when it comes to property statistics in Dubai.
It is safe to say that there is a steady demand for investment properties in Dubai, particularly in the luxury segment. Add to that the fact that Dubai is a tax-free haven with no taxes on income, capital gains or property – and you have the perfect investment destination for anyone who might be interested.
According to the information collected for Bayut’s Q3 2023 Dubai real estate sales market report, prospective buyers primarily sought out properties in the following areas:
- Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC)
- Dubai Marina
- Business Bay
- Downtown Dubai
- Dubai Silicon Oasis
As per the Dubai Land Department, Q3 2023 witnessed a total of 30,891 residential property sales transactions, including both ready and off-plan properties, with a combined value of AED 96.6 billion. Utilising the Dubai Transactions feature on Bayut, let’s explore how the most searched-for areas contributed to these figures.
AREA | SALES VOLUME | SALES VALUE |
|---|---|---|
AREA Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC) | SALES VOLUME 2,666 | SALES VALUE AED 3.0B |
AREA Business Bay | SALES VOLUME 2,445 | SALES VALUE AED 5.0B |
AREA Dubai Marina | SALES VOLUME 1,153 | SALES VALUE AED 5.3B |
AREA Downtown Dubai | SALES VOLUME 1,027 | SALES VALUE AED 3.7B |
AREA Dubai Silicon Oasis | SALES VOLUME 385 | SALES VALUE AED 272.6M |
*The data shown in the table above has been sourced directly from the DLD. The areas in the table have been selected based on the overall search volume observed on Bayut.
Now, let’s delve into the comprehensive Dubai sales market report Q3 2023, compiled from the search trends and advertised prices observed on Bayut.
For an accurate representation of Dubai property prices, our Q3 2023 sales market report compares the average price-per-square-foot for an area. Please note that these prices are subject to change based on multiple factors including amenities available, the developer involved in the project, location and other key factors.
JUMEIRAH VILLAGE CIRCLE HAS REMAINED THE MOST POPULAR AREA TO BUY AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS IN DUBAI
AVERAGE SALES PRICES FOR AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS: BAYUT ANNUAL DUBAI REAL ESTATE SALES MARKET REPORT Q3 2023
POPULAR AREAS | ROI | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023 | TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023 | STUDIO | 1-BED | 2-BED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jumeirah Village Circle | ROI 8.65% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| STUDIO
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
|
| Dubai Silicon Oasis | ROI 9.08% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| STUDIO
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
|
| Jumeirah Lake Towers | ROI 8.38% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| STUDIO
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
|
| Dubai Sports City | ROI 8.98% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| STUDIO
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
|
| Al Furjan | ROI 8.05% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| STUDIO
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
|
As per the property search and price trends in Dubai observed on Bayut during Q3 2023, Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC) maintains its status as the most sought-after neighbourhood for reasonably-priced apartments:
- The price-per-square-foot for apartments for sale in JVC experienced an increase of 2.98%, averaging at AED 1,023 in Q3 2023.
- As per data from the Dubai Land Department (DLD), the average transaction price for apartment sales in Jumeirah Village Circle amounted to AED 726k, marking an increase of 9.71%.
- On average, studios advertised for sale in JVC were priced at AED 526k, while 1-bedroom flats were available for around AED 784k and 2-bedroom units were listed at approximately AED 1.22M.
Investors in search of budget-friendly apartments also found Dubai Silicon Oasis (DSO) appealing:
- Flats for sale in Dubai Silicon Oasis recorded an average price-per-square-foot of AED 686 in H1 2023, reflecting a 3.46% increase in advertised prices.
- The DLD reported an average sales transaction value of AED 485k for flats in Dubai Silicon Oasis, following a slight decrease of 2.98% from Q2 2023.
- On average, investors paid around AED 363k for a studio in DSO, while 1-bedroom and 2-bedroom flats were priced around AED 508k and AED 852k, respectively.
Additionally, based on data collected for Bayut’s Dubai real estate market report, small-ticket investors also expressed interest in:
In these districts, the average sales price-per-square-foot for flats increased by 3% to 7%.
DUBAI SILICON OASIS OFFERS THE HIGHEST ROI FOR AFFORDABLE APARTMENTS IN DUBAI
As per the data gathered for our Q3 2023 Dubai Sales Real Estate Market Report, the following neighbourhoods recorded attractive rental yields for affordable apartments:
- Topping the list with an average rental return of 9.08%, Dubai Silicon Oasis was the most appealing choice for budget-conscious investors.
- Offering healthy ROIs of 8.98%, the affordable apartments in Dubai Sports City provided a healthy investment opportunity for those keen on higher returns.
- Buy-to-let apartments in Jumeirah Village Circle recorded promising projected rental returns, averaging at 8.65%.
In addition to these areas, investors in search of high-return properties can look at the following areas:
AREA | ROI |
|---|---|
AREA Dubai Investment Park (DIP) | ROI 10.38% |
AREA Liwan | ROI 10.09% |
AREA Remraam | ROI 9.67% |
AREA Dubai Motor City | ROI 9.05% |
AREA Discovery Gardens | ROI 9.01% |
The projected ROIs for apartments in Dubai may vary depending on the location of the building, its developer and the amenities offered.
DUBAI MARINA HOLDS INVESTOR INTEREST FOR LUXURY APARTMENTS IN Q3 2023
DUBAI PROPERTY PRICES FOR LUXURY APARTMENTS FOR SALE: BAYUT DUBAI SALES MARKET REPORT Q3 2023
POPULAR AREAS | ROI | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023 | TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023 | 1-BED | 2-BED | 3-BED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dubai Marina | ROI 7.06% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
| 3-BED
|
| Business Bay | ROI 6.55% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
| 3-BED
|
| Downtown Dubai | ROI 6.47% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
| 3-BED
|
| Palm Jumeirah | ROI 5.63% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
| 3-BED
|
| Dubai Creek Harbour | ROI 5.99% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 1-BED
| 2-BED
| 3-BED
|
According to Bayut’s Dubai real estate sales market report for Q3 2023, Dubai Marina continued to be the premier choice for luxury apartment sales:
- Apartments for sale in Dubai Marina witnessed an uptick of 4.24% in the price-per-square-foot, averaging at AED 1,769.
- Data from the Dubai Land Department (DLD) reported a minor surge of 1.66% in the sales transaction value, which averaged at AED 1.87M in Q3 2023.
- On average, property buyers paid approximately AED 1.49M for 1-bedroom apartments, AED 2.46M for 2-bedroom units and AED 4M for 3-bedroom flats in Dubai Marina.
Prospective buyers also demonstrated interest in luxury apartments in Business Bay:
- The sales price-per-square-foot for flats in Business Bay experienced an uptick of 4.38%, averaging at AED 1,895 in Q3 2023.
- According to the DLD data, the average apartment sales transaction value in Business Bay increased by 0.84%, to stand at AED 1.47M during Q3 2023.
- Flats for sale in Business Bay average at AED 1.41M for 1-bedroom units, AED 2.35M for 2-bedroom layouts and AED 3.41M for 3-bedroom configurations.
Bayut’s Dubai sales property market report for Q3 2023 also revealed other areas that potential buyers considered for luxury apartments:
- Downtown Dubai
- Palm Jumeirah
- Dubai Creek Harbour
These neighbourhoods experienced price increases ranging from 3% to 7% in the average price-per-square-foot for expensive apartments.
DUBAI MARINA YIELDS THE BEST ROI FOR LUXURY APARTMENTS IN DUBAI
Examining the patterns revealed in our Sales Market Report Q3 2023, here are some of the popular areas offering healthy returns for luxury apartments for sale in Dubai:
- Dubai Marina recorded the highest ROI of 7.06% for luxury apartments during Q3 2023.
- Expensive apartments in Business Bay offered projected rental yields of 6.55%.
- Buy-to-let flats in Downtown Dubai offered competitive ROIs averaging at 6.47%.
Other areas that offer lucrative rental returns for luxury apartments include:
AREA | ROI |
|---|---|
AREA Al Sufouh | ROI 10.62% |
AREA Al Barari | ROI 8.05% |
AREA World Trade Centre | ROI 7.88% |
AREA Jumeirah Golf Estates | ROI 7.65% |
AREA DAMAC Hills | ROI 7.56% |
The projected ROIs for apartments in Dubai may vary depending on the location of the building, its developer and the amenities offered.
- 2 BEDS
- |
- 2 BATHS
- |
- 1150 SQFT
- 3 BEDS
- |
- 4 BATHS
- |
- 2218 SQFT
- 2 BEDS
- |
- 3 BATHS
- |
- 1497 SQFT
- 2 BEDS
- |
- 3 BATHS
- |
- 1154 SQFT
DAMAC HILLS 2 RANKS AS THE MOST POPULAR CHOICE FOR BUYING AFFORDABLE VILLAS IN DUBAI
AVERAGE PROPERTY PRICES IN DUBAI TO BUY AFFORDABLE HOUSES: BAYUT DUBAI ANNUAL SALES MARKET REPORT Q3 2023
POPULAR AREAS | ROI | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023 | TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023 | 3-BED | 4-BED | 5-BED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAMAC Hills 2 | ROI 6.84% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 3-BED
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
|
| Jumeirah Village Circle | ROI 9.24% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 3-BED
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
|
| Al Furjan | ROI 5.92% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 3-BED
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
|
| The Springs | ROI 5.78% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 3-BED
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
|
| Dubailand | ROI 7.09% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 3-BED
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
|
Based on data gathered for Bayut’s Q3 2023 Dubai sales market report, DAMAC Hills 2 retained its position as the preferred choice for affordable villas in Dubai:
- The average price-per-square-foot for houses in DAMAC Hills 2 saw a noticeable uptick of 8.29%, averaging AED 775 in Q3 2023.
- According to the Dubai Land Department (DLD), the average transaction value for the sale of villas in DAMAC Hills 2 was AED 1.38M, recording a 10.7% increase from Q2 2023.
- Buyers looking to invest in 3-bedroom villas in DAMAC Hills 2 paid an average of AED 1.36M. Meanwhile, 4-bedroom and 5-bedroom villas were listed at an average price of AED 1.68M and AED 2.08M, respectively.
Affordable villas in Jumeirah Village Circle (JVC) also attracted the interest of small-ticket investors:
- Villas for sale in Jumeirah Village Circle experienced a 12% increase in the average price-per-square-foot, reaching AED 820 in Q3 2023.
- As per the DLD, the average sales transaction value in JVC averaged AED 2.49M, marking an increase of 12.9%.
- The prices for homes in JVC averaged at AED 2.29M for 3-bedroom villas, AED 2.71M for 4-bedroom layouts and AED 2.74M for 5-bedroom units.
Investors with tighter budgets also directed their attention towards reasonably-priced villas in:
- Al Furjan
- The Springs
- Dubailand
In these neighbourhoods, the average price-per-square-foot for villa sales increased by 4% to 9%.
JUMEIRAH VILLAGE CIRCLE YIELDS THE BEST RENTAL RETURNS IN DUBAI FOR AFFORDABLE VILLAS
Within the affordable real estate category, Dubai’s Q3 2023 market report showed these areas offering the most promising returns:
- In Q3 2023, buy-to-let villas in Jumeirah Village Circle topped the list with remarkable rental yields of 9.24%.
- Affordable villas in Dubailand also appealed to investors, recording impressive rental returns of 7.09%.
- The projected rental yields for houses in DAMAC Hills 2 averaged a solid 6.84% in Q3 2023.
Other neighbourhoods offering high rental yields on buy-to-let affordable villas include:
AREA | ROI |
|---|---|
AREA International City | ROI 7.78% |
AREA Town Square | ROI 7.11% |
AREA Jebel Ali | ROI 7.09% |
AREA Mudon | ROI 6.75% |
AREA Reem | ROI 6.71% |
ARABIAN RANCHES HOLDS THE TOP SPOT FOR BUYING LUXURY HOMES IN DUBAI
REAL ESTATE PRICES IN DUBAI FOR LUXURY VILLAS IN POPULAR NEIGHBOURHOODS: BAYUT DUBAI ANNUAL SALES MARKET REPORT Q3 2023
POPULAR AREAS | ROI | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023 | TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023 | 4-BED | 5-BED | 6-BED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabian Ranches | ROI 5.54% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
| 6-BED
|
| Dubai Hills Estate | ROI 5.08% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
| 6-BED
|
| DAMAC Hills | ROI 7.19% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
| 6-BED
|
| The Villa | ROI 5.62% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
| 6-BED
|
| Palm Jumeirah | ROI 3.57% | PRICE PER SQ.FT Avg. Price/sq.ftChange from Q2 2023
| TRANSACTION PRICE Avg. Transaction PriceChange from Q2 2023
| 4-BED
| 5-BED
| 6-BED
|
In Q3 2023, investors seeking luxury villas in Dubai exhibited strong interest in Arabian Ranches :
- The sales price-per-square-foot for villas in Arabian Ranches increased by 0.75%, to average at AED 1,399.
- The Dubai Land Department (DLD) reported a substantial 5.08% decline in the average transaction value for villa sales in this area, which stood at AED 5.18M in Q3 2023.
- For those looking to purchase villas in Arabian Ranches, the average prices were approximately AED 6.74M for 4-bedroom houses, AED 8.99M for 5-bedroom villas and AED 14.7M for 6-bedroom units.
Investors also favoured Dubai Hills Estate for luxury villa acquisitions:
- Villa properties in Dubai Hills Estate experienced an uptick of 6.03% in the average price-per-square-foot, amounting to AED 2,025 in Q3 2023.
- The DLD reported a 5.26% decrease in the average transaction value for villa sales in Dubai Hills Estate, which averaged at AED 7.02M.
- The sales prices for houses in Dubai Hills Estate averaged at AED 5.51M for 4-bedroom units, AED 11.9M for 5-bedroom villas and AED 29.8M for 6-bedroom units.
Prospective buyers seeking luxury villas in Dubai also explored properties in:
- DAMAC Hills
- The Villa
- Palm Jumeirah
These districts experienced increases in the average price-per-square-foot ranging from 3% to 8%.
DAMAC HILLS OFFERS THE HEALTHIEST RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN DUBAI FOR LUXURY HOUSES
According to data gathered for Dubai’s Q3 2023 sales market report, the following neighbourhoods offered the most attractive rental yields for high-end villas:
- DAMAC Hills villas delivered an impressive average rental return of 7.19% during Q3 2023.
- The Villa, with houses there offering a projected rental yield of 5.62%, also emerged as a compelling choice for luxury segment investment.
- Arabian Ranches homes delivered average returns on investment of 5.54% in Q3 2023.
Besides the above-mentioned districts, other areas offering high-yield properties include:
AREA | ROI |
|---|---|
AREA Al Barari | ROI 8.78% |
AREA The Sustainable City | ROI 6.95% |
AREA Tilal Al Ghaf | ROI 6.84% |
AREA Arabian Ranches 3 | ROI 6.53% |
AREA Green Community | ROI 6.51% |
The projected ROIs for villas in Dubai may vary depending on the location of the building, its developer and the amenities offered.
- 4 BEDS
- |
- 6 BATHS
- |
- 8540 SQFT
POPULAR AREAS FOR OFF-PLAN PROPERTIES IN DUBAI
In this segment of the Dubai Q3 2023 Bayut sales property market report unveils the districts that have garnered the highest consumer interest for off-plan villas and apartments.
TOP PROJECTS FOR OFF-PLAN APARTMENTS IN DUBAI
PROJECT | AREA | CATEGORY |
|---|---|---|
PROJECT District 10 | AREA Jumeirah Village Circle | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Elevate by Prescott | AREA Arjan | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Se7en City | AREA Jumeirah Lake Towers | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Al Habtoor City | AREA Business Bay | CATEGORY Luxury |
PROJECT Forte | AREA Downtown Dubai | CATEGORY Luxury |
PROJECT Emaar Beachfront | AREA Dubai Harbour | CATEGORY Luxury |
Throughout Q3 2023, property buyers in search of affordable off-plan apartments in Dubai predominantly favoured suburban communities:
- As per the data compiled for Bayut’s Dubai Sales Property Market Report for Q3 2023, District 10 in JVC stood out as the most attractive option for budget-friendly off-plan apartments in Dubai.
- Investors were also drawn to Elevate by Prescott in Arjan and Se7en City in Jumeirah Lake Towers for affordable off-plan flats in Dubai.
Meanwhile, those looking for luxury off-plan apartments to add to their portfolio displayed greater preference for centrally located districts:
- Al Habtoor City in Business Bay emerged as the premier choice for prospective investors seeking upscale off-plan flats.
- Forte in Downtown Dubai and Emaar Beachfront in Dubai Harbour also held strong appeal for individuals in search of high-end off-plan apartments.
TOP PROJECTS FOR OFF-PLAN VILLAS IN DUBAI
PROJECT | AREA | CATEGORY |
|---|---|---|
PROJECT Villanova | AREA Dubailand | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Emaar South | AREA Dubai South | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Murooj Al Furjan | AREA Al Furjan | CATEGORY Affordable |
PROJECT Alaya | AREA Tilal Al Ghaf | CATEGORY Luxury |
PROJECT District One | AREA Mohammed Bin Rashid City | CATEGORY Luxury |
PROJECT Cavalli Estates | AREA DAMAC Hills | CATEGORY Luxury |
Based on the data gathered for Bayut’s Dubai Sales Market Report for Q3 2023, prospective investors seeking cost-effective off-plan villas predominantly showed interest in suburban properties:
- Affordable off-plan houses in Villanova, located in Dubailand, emerged as the preferred choice among investors during H1 2023.
- Murooj Al Furjan in Al Furjan and Emaar South in Dubai South’s Residential District also appealed to buyers seeking budget-friendly off-plan villas.
For investors interested in luxury off-plan villas in Dubai, master-planned communities were the primary focus:
- Alaya in Tilal Al Ghaf Dubai garnered the highest investor interest for high-end off-plan villas in Dubai.
- District One in Mohammed Bin Rashid City and Cavalli Estates in DAMAC Hills also attracted investors looking for expensive off-plan villas in Dubai.
This concludes our Q3 2023 Dubai Sales Market Report. If you’re curious about the current rental trends in the market, you’ll find all the crucial insights in our Q3 2023 Dubai Rental Market Report.
Additionally, keep an eye on MyBayut as we’ll be launching our Q3 2023 real estate market reports for Abu Dhabi later this week. Stay tuned!
Disclaimer: The above Dubai sales real estate market report (MKTRPTQ32023) is based on prices for ready properties advertised by real estate agencies on behalf of their clients on Bayut.com (excluding room share), and is not representative of actual real estate transactions conducted in Dubai, unless specified as based on DLD data.
